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Photoelectric effect Vs Compton Effect

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 The photoelectric effect is an interaction between a  low  to intermediate  energy  X-ray beam and the  inner shell electron. Inner shell electron is ejected, the outer electron goes into inner orbit to occupy the space, and the extra energy is ejected as  characteristic radiation  and is called the  photoelectric effect. The  photoelectric effect  is of fundamental importance in diagnostic radiography since it is the primary method by which  contrast  is developed in  radiographs.  It allows for the differentiation of different types of tissues on the X-ray film. Very low-energy X-rays are not capable of producing the photoelectric effect. High energy X-rays are also not capable of photoelectric effect due to random scattering of electrons from the outer shell. This is known as the  Compton effect  and it can lead to  distortion  of the  image. ​​​​​​​ The  goal  of X-ray imag...
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CT in Aortic dissection

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CT  is the initial investigation for  aortic dissection  as it is more widely available and takes a  shorter time  when compared to MRI. MRI, though highly accurate for acute aortic disease evaluation, is usually confined to cases of severe renal insufficiency or when the use of iodinated contrast medium is absolutely contraindicated. The image below depicts CT chest showing Type A aortic dissection from the aortic root. (A) Axial view and (B) sagittal view. The arrows indicate the intimal flap. The image below shows the classification systems used for aortic dissection.  
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Pulmonary CT angiography

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Pulmonary CT angiography  is the best investigation for  pulmonary embolism. V/Q scan  is done in  pregnant  women. Shown below is a CT angiography demonstrating multiple filling defects both at the bifurcation ( saddle pulmonary embolism ) and in the pulmonary arteries. CT angiography  is the investigation of choice in  aortic aneurysm. Clinical prediction for pulmonary embolism: Well's, Modified Well's and Pulmonary Embolism Rule out Criteria (PERC) Three-level score probability: Two-level score probability: Pulmonary embolism rule out criteria (PERC): This is a quick OPD/casualty tool to rule out pulmonary embolism in patients with low clinical probability. It comprises  eight clinical variables.  If the patient meets all eight criteria, there is no need for further investigations. The variables include 1. Age <50 years 2. Heart rate <100 bpm 3. Sp02 ≥95% 4. No unilateral leg swelling 5. No hemoptysis 6. No recent trauma or surgery 7...
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